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Exploit - A Definition and Explanation of the Term

Exploit is a term used in pentest that refers to the act of using a vulnerability or weakness to take advantage of an opportunity. It's important to note that exploiting a vulnerability is not always necessary. This can be useful sometimes when trying to gain access to an application, network, or system for reconnaissance purposes. However, if an attacker has identified a vulnerability and can successfully take advantage of it, they will call this process an exploit.
Exploiting a vulnerability allows the attacker to access information or resources that would normally be protected from access by the target user account or system. For example, if there is a web application that requires users to input their user ID and password so they can log into the system. If someone were able to identify this as a weakness and then find an exploit for it, they could use this as an opportunity to log into the system without providing these credentials; this is known as taking advantage of the weakness.

Types of Vulnerabilities

There are three types of vulnerabilities that an attacker can exploit:

- Vulnerabilities within the software or hardware code.
- External vulnerabilities.
- Internal vulnerabilities.

Vulnerabilities within the software or hardware code are what make most exploits possible because they allow an attacker to execute commands without providing a valid user ID and password. A good example of this would be if there was a command injection vulnerability in a web application where an unauthorized user could send a rogue request to the server and have that request executed by the system. External vulnerabilities are typically discovered through scanning for flaws in networks, systems, applications, etc., while internal vulnerabilities can be found by analyzing how users interact with specific features of the application or service.

Software Vulnerabilities

Software vulnerabilities are common because software is a constantly changing and improving industry. As software becomes more sophisticated, the likelihood of there being some sort of vulnerability increases as well. This is because developers, who create the software, have to balance making the software easy for users to use with making it secure. It's also harder for developers to anticipate every potential security flaw in their code and react accordingly.
As can be seen from this example, there are many different ways that an attacker can exploit a vulnerability in order to gain access to information or resources that would otherwise be protected by the target user account or system. For example, if your company uses a web application and has an account-based password scheme that requires you to input your username and password before you can log into the application, an attacker could potentially exploit this weakness by creating a script of their own username/password that they could then use to log in without providing credentials as one way they could take advantage of this type of vulnerability. If a website were hacked or breached, someone who exploited a weakness like this might be able to gain access to personal information such as names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, etc., which could make them susceptible to identity theft later on in life.

Hardware Vulnerabilities

One of the most common types of vulnerabilities is hardware. For example, if there is a hardware vulnerability in a computer system, this could be exploited by someone with physical access to the device; this would allow them to gain unauthorized access to the system.
In addition, this could also mean that they are able to view or copy data that normally should not be accessible.

Network Vulnerabilities

Network vulnerabilities are often exploited by attackers to gain access to systems or user accounts. This is because vulnerabilities in network protocols allow the attacker to start a conversation with the system, which then allows for successful exploitation. An example of this would be if there is an authentication method on your website that requires users to input their username and password, but the username is not validated on the database; this would allow an attacker to steal another user's credentials by simply providing their own user ID.
Another common vulnerability is when systems are out-of-date or have outdated versions of software installed. With these vulnerabilities, hackers can use exploits like buffer overflow exploits or memory corruption exploits to gain access and cause damage.

Confused? Here's an Example!

The following example is a real-world situation where an attacker was able to take advantage of a weakness.

An attacker found a vulnerability in the website's login functionality and exploited that by creating an account with the username "admin" without providing an email address or password. This allowed them to gain access to everyone's accounts, so they could delete any pages or posts they wanted.

How to Identify if You've Got a Vulnerability

One way to identify if you've got a vulnerability is by using a vulnerability scanner. These scanners help identify weaknesses in the application that an attacker could exploit. They are one of the most effective ways to identify vulnerabilities and can be used in manual or automated penetration testing.
Another way to identify if you've got a vulnerability is by using source code analysis. Source code analysis is a process that begins with identifying the relevant source code files, then analyzing them for vulnerabilities. This process helps find programming errors that may lead to a security flaw in the code's logic.

Conclusion

Exploit is an ambiguous term and meaning can vary depending on the context it is used. This article provides examples of how the term has been used in the past and how it is being used today.